Sets Overview

A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements, grouped together. Sets are denoted using curly braces, such as:

Key notation:

• If $x$ is an element of set $A$, we write $x \in A$.
• If $x$ is not in $A$, we write $x \notin A$.

Types of Sets

• Finite sets: sets with a limited number of elements; $$A = \{2, 4, 6, 8\}$$
• Infinite sets: sets with an infinite number of elements; $$\mathbb{N} = \{1, 2, 3, ...\}$$
• Empty sets: sets with no elements, denoted by $\emptyset$; $$A = \emptyset$$
• Subsets: a set $A$ is a subset of $B$ if all elements of $A$ are in $B$; $$A = \{1, 2\},\ B = \{1, 2, 3\},\ A \subseteq B$$
• Universal sets: the set containing all possible elements in a particular context, denoted $U$; $$U = \{\text{All integers}\}$$
• Power sets: the set of all subsets of a set. $$P(A) = \{\emptyset, \{1\}, \{2\}, \{1, 2\}\}$$

Set Operations

Sets enable several operations to compare and manipulate data. Some key operations include (for $A = \{1,2\},\ B = \{2,3\}$):

• Union: combines elements from sets $A$ and $B$; $$A \cup B = \{1,2,3\}$$
• Intersection: finds common elements between sets $A$ and $B$; $$A \cap B = \{2\}$$
• Difference: elements in $A$ but not in $B$; $$A - B = \{1\}$$
• Complement: elements not in $A$ but in the universal set $U$; $$A' = U - A$$
• Cartesian product: the set of all ordered pairs between sets $A$ and $B$. $$A \times B = \{(1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3)\}$$

Real-World Applications

Sets are crucial for solving problems in data science and analytics:

• Data organization: grouping unique items (e.g., distinct customer IDs);
• Data cleaning: removing duplicate entries using set properties;
• Set operations: finding intersections (common features) or differences (unique features) in datasets;
• Probability: computing union or intersection of events;
• Database queries: using sets to perform operations like joins, unions, and differences.