Introduction to Logical Functions
Logical functions are essential tools in SQL for making decisions within your queries. They allow you to add flexibility and control over how data is displayed or manipulated, especially when dealing with conditions or missing information. Some of the most common logical functions in SQL are CASE, COALESCE, and IFNULL. Each serves a unique role: CASE lets you perform conditional logic similar to "if-then-else" statements; COALESCE helps you handle missing or null values by returning the first non-null value from a list; and IFNULL (or its variant IIF in some SQL dialects) allows you to substitute a specific value if a column contains null.
12345678910-- Categorize each transaction by amount using CASE SELECT transaction_id, amount, CASE WHEN amount >= 300 THEN 'High' WHEN amount >= 100 THEN 'Medium' ELSE 'Low' END AS amount_category FROM transactions;
The CASE statement in this example checks each transaction's amount and assigns a category: "High" for amounts of 300 or more, "Medium" for amounts between 100 and 299.99, and "Low" for anything below 100. This approach helps you group or filter data based on custom logic defined directly in your query.
Handling missing or null values is another common challenge. The COALESCE function is designed for this purpose. When you query a column that may contain nulls, COALESCE lets you return a default value instead, ensuring your results are always meaningful.
1. Which function returns the first non-null value in a list?
2. What does CASE allow you to do in a query?
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Can you show an example of how to use COALESCE in a SQL query?
What is the difference between COALESCE and IFNULL in SQL?
Can you explain more about handling null values in SQL?
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Logical functions are essential tools in SQL for making decisions within your queries. They allow you to add flexibility and control over how data is displayed or manipulated, especially when dealing with conditions or missing information. Some of the most common logical functions in SQL are CASE, COALESCE, and IFNULL. Each serves a unique role: CASE lets you perform conditional logic similar to "if-then-else" statements; COALESCE helps you handle missing or null values by returning the first non-null value from a list; and IFNULL (or its variant IIF in some SQL dialects) allows you to substitute a specific value if a column contains null.
12345678910-- Categorize each transaction by amount using CASE SELECT transaction_id, amount, CASE WHEN amount >= 300 THEN 'High' WHEN amount >= 100 THEN 'Medium' ELSE 'Low' END AS amount_category FROM transactions;
The CASE statement in this example checks each transaction's amount and assigns a category: "High" for amounts of 300 or more, "Medium" for amounts between 100 and 299.99, and "Low" for anything below 100. This approach helps you group or filter data based on custom logic defined directly in your query.
Handling missing or null values is another common challenge. The COALESCE function is designed for this purpose. When you query a column that may contain nulls, COALESCE lets you return a default value instead, ensuring your results are always meaningful.
1. Which function returns the first non-null value in a list?
2. What does CASE allow you to do in a query?
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