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C Basics
course content

Kursinhalt

C Basics

C Basics

1. Introduction
Structure of the C-ProgramEssentials of C ProgramHow to Run the Program?
2. Data
DataVariablesPrintfIntroduction to ArraysTwo Dimensional ArraysChar and StringSizeofPrintf PracticeSizeof Practice
3. Operators
Assignment, Comparison, Not Equal ToSum, Difference, Increment, DecrementMultiplication, Division and ModuloComparison OperatorsComparison Operators PracticeLogical OperatorsLogical Operators Practice
4. Control Statements
If-else Operatorif-else Operator PracticeTernary OperatorSwitch, BreakWhile, Do-WhileFor, ContinueFor Loop Practice
5. Functions
Structure of the FunctionDeclaration, Type and ReturnArgumentsPassing ArgumentsHeader, Prototypes Void, Recursion
6. Pointers
Pointers are around UsReferences and DereferencesPointersMalloc and FreeFunctions, Arrays and Two PointersVoid

book
For, Continue

For Loop

The for loop incorporates the counter's initialization, the condition to exit the loop, and the counter's update.

python

Let's take the example from the previous lesson (displaying array elements) and reframe it using a for loop:

c

Main

copy

              
1234567891011121314

            
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	int array[] = { 3, 6, 2, 134, 45,
				   2, 564, 8, 3, 531 };

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("Index of element: %d\tValue of element: %d\n", i, array[i]);
	}

	return 0;
}

Loop's Flexibility

You can use any valid expression as the update counter. This means the counter can adapt based on any valid rule, such as (++x * 3) - 5.

Furthermore, the counter can increment by characters instead of numbers.

c

Main

copy

              
12345678910

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)
	{
		printf("ASCII value for %c is %d\n", ch, ch);
	}
	return 0;
}

Note

Keep in mind that characters are stored as numbers in memory.

Even if you leave out parts of the loop, like the counter initialization, the program will still compile. However, the semicolon ; remains essential:

c

Main

copy

              
12345678910111213

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int i = 0;
	// without counter initialization
	for (printf("It`s count initialization, but printf...\n"); i <= 4; i++)
	{
		printf("i = %d\n", i);
	}

	return 0;
}

You can use the comma , to separate parts within the loop:

c

Main

copy

              
1234567891011121314

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int i;
	int n;

	for (i = 0, n = 5; i <= 5; i++, n++)
	{
		printf("i = %d\t n = %d\n", i, n);
	}

return 0;
}

Continue

In loops, both the break and continue commands come in handy. While the break statement forces an exit from the loop, the continue command prompts a skip to the subsequent iteration.

Consider a program designed to exclude negative integers, utilizing the continue operator:

c

Main

copy

              
123456789101112131415161718192021

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int array[] = { 124, 235, -321, 32, 54, 
		           -549, 23445, 5534, -433 };

	printf("Positive elements of array:\n");

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) 
	{
		if (array[i] < 0)
		{
			continue;
		}

		printf("%d ", array[i]);
	}

	return 0;
}

New Operators

The following operators can also function as expressions to update the counter:

OperatorExpression ExampleDescription
+=a += 5Equivalent to a = a + 5
-=a -= 5Equivalent to a = a - 5
*=a *= 5Equivalent to a = a * 5
/=a /= 5Equivalent to a = a / 5
%=a %= 5Equivalent to a = a % 5

War alles klar?

Wie können wir es verbessern?

Danke für Ihr Feedback!

Abschnitt 4. Kapitel 6

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course content

Kursinhalt

C Basics

C Basics

1. Introduction
Structure of the C-ProgramEssentials of C ProgramHow to Run the Program?
2. Data
DataVariablesPrintfIntroduction to ArraysTwo Dimensional ArraysChar and StringSizeofPrintf PracticeSizeof Practice
3. Operators
Assignment, Comparison, Not Equal ToSum, Difference, Increment, DecrementMultiplication, Division and ModuloComparison OperatorsComparison Operators PracticeLogical OperatorsLogical Operators Practice
4. Control Statements
If-else Operatorif-else Operator PracticeTernary OperatorSwitch, BreakWhile, Do-WhileFor, ContinueFor Loop Practice
5. Functions
Structure of the FunctionDeclaration, Type and ReturnArgumentsPassing ArgumentsHeader, Prototypes Void, Recursion
6. Pointers
Pointers are around UsReferences and DereferencesPointersMalloc and FreeFunctions, Arrays and Two PointersVoid

book
For, Continue

For Loop

The for loop incorporates the counter's initialization, the condition to exit the loop, and the counter's update.

python

Let's take the example from the previous lesson (displaying array elements) and reframe it using a for loop:

c

Main

copy

              
1234567891011121314

            
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	int array[] = { 3, 6, 2, 134, 45,
				   2, 564, 8, 3, 531 };

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("Index of element: %d\tValue of element: %d\n", i, array[i]);
	}

	return 0;
}

Loop's Flexibility

You can use any valid expression as the update counter. This means the counter can adapt based on any valid rule, such as (++x * 3) - 5.

Furthermore, the counter can increment by characters instead of numbers.

c

Main

copy

              
12345678910

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)
	{
		printf("ASCII value for %c is %d\n", ch, ch);
	}
	return 0;
}

Note

Keep in mind that characters are stored as numbers in memory.

Even if you leave out parts of the loop, like the counter initialization, the program will still compile. However, the semicolon ; remains essential:

c

Main

copy

              
12345678910111213

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int i = 0;
	// without counter initialization
	for (printf("It`s count initialization, but printf...\n"); i <= 4; i++)
	{
		printf("i = %d\n", i);
	}

	return 0;
}

You can use the comma , to separate parts within the loop:

c

Main

copy

              
1234567891011121314

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int i;
	int n;

	for (i = 0, n = 5; i <= 5; i++, n++)
	{
		printf("i = %d\t n = %d\n", i, n);
	}

return 0;
}

Continue

In loops, both the break and continue commands come in handy. While the break statement forces an exit from the loop, the continue command prompts a skip to the subsequent iteration.

Consider a program designed to exclude negative integers, utilizing the continue operator:

c

Main

copy

              
123456789101112131415161718192021

            
#include <stdio.h> 

int main()
{
	int array[] = { 124, 235, -321, 32, 54, 
		           -549, 23445, 5534, -433 };

	printf("Positive elements of array:\n");

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) 
	{
		if (array[i] < 0)
		{
			continue;
		}

		printf("%d ", array[i]);
	}

	return 0;
}

New Operators

The following operators can also function as expressions to update the counter:

OperatorExpression ExampleDescription
+=a += 5Equivalent to a = a + 5
-=a -= 5Equivalent to a = a - 5
*=a *= 5Equivalent to a = a * 5
/=a /= 5Equivalent to a = a / 5
%=a %= 5Equivalent to a = a % 5

War alles klar?

Wie können wir es verbessern?

Danke für Ihr Feedback!

Abschnitt 4. Kapitel 6
Wir sind enttäuscht, dass etwas schief gelaufen ist. Was ist passiert?
some-alt