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Instead of predicting whether a flight is delayed, you can predict the exact number of minutes it will be delayed. This is a regression task – the label is a continuous value.

Setting Up the Regression Dataset


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import urllib.request
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, floor
from pyspark.ml import Pipeline
from pyspark.ml.feature import StringIndexer, VectorAssembler, StandardScaler
from pyspark.ml.regression import LinearRegression

urllib.request.urlretrieve(
    "https://content-media-cdn.codefinity.com/courses/aa80ac56-0d50-49e8-9231-2c2374cd3e9d/flights.csv",
    "flights.csv"
)

spark = SparkSession.builder \
    .appName("LinearRegression") \
    .master("local[*]") \
    .getOrCreate()

flights_df = spark.read.csv("flights.csv", header=True, inferSchema=True) \
    .fillna(0, subset=["DEPARTURE_DELAY", "ARRIVAL_DELAY", "DISTANCE", "SCHEDULED_TIME"])

# Using ARRIVAL_DELAY directly as a continuous label
flights_df = flights_df \
    .withColumn("LABEL", col("ARRIVAL_DELAY").cast("double")) \
    .withColumn("DEPARTURE_HOUR", floor(col("SCHEDULED_DEPARTURE") / 100).cast("integer")) \
    .withColumn("IS_WEEKEND", (col("DAY_OF_WEEK") >= 6).cast("integer"))

train_df, test_df = flights_df.randomSplit([0.8, 0.2], seed=42)

Training the Model


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indexer = StringIndexer(inputCol="AIRLINE", outputCol="AIRLINE_IDX")
assembler = VectorAssembler(
    inputCols=["DEPARTURE_DELAY", "DISTANCE", "SCHEDULED_TIME", "DEPARTURE_HOUR", "IS_WEEKEND", "AIRLINE_IDX"],
    outputCol="FEATURES_RAW"
)
scaler = StandardScaler(inputCol="FEATURES_RAW", outputCol="FEATURES", withMean=True, withStd=True)
lr = LinearRegression(featuresCol="FEATURES", labelCol="LABEL", maxIter=10, regParam=0.1)

pipeline = Pipeline(stages=[indexer, assembler, scaler, lr])
model = pipeline.fit(train_df)
predictions = model.transform(test_df)

predictions.select("LABEL", "prediction").show(5)

regParam is the regularization parameter – it penalizes large coefficients to prevent overfitting. Higher values produce a simpler model.

Inspecting Model Coefficients


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# Extracting the trained LinearRegression stage
lr_model = model.stages[-1]
print("Coefficients:", lr_model.coefficients)
print("Intercept:", lr_model.intercept)

War alles klar?

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Abschnitt 1. Kapitel 6

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Regression with Linear Regression