Lazy Training and Inductive Bias
Lazy training is a phenomenon that emerges when you consider neural networks in the infinite-width limit, as described by the linearization approach from previous sections. In this regime, the parameters of the network change very little during training—so little, in fact, that the network's behavior can be closely approximated by its first-order Taylor expansion around the initial parameters. This means that, rather than learning new features or representations, the network effectively acts as a linear model in the space of its parameters. The term "lazy" refers to the fact that the network does not significantly update its internal representations, relying instead on the initial random features it started with. As a result, the training dynamics are governed almost entirely by the fixed neural tangent kernel (NTK) determined at initialization, and the network's evolution is described by kernel regression with this NTK.
The inductive bias in the NTK regime is fundamentally tied to the properties of the kernel itself. Since the NTK is determined by the network's architecture and its random initialization, it encodes the kinds of functions the network can represent and generalize. Different architectures—such as fully connected networks versus convolutional networks—produce different NTKs, and thus different inductive biases. For example, a convolutional architecture will yield an NTK that favors translation-invariant solutions, while a fully connected network's NTK does not. The initialization also plays a crucial role: the distribution of the initial weights affects the NTK and thus alters the implicit regularization imposed on the learning process. In the NTK regime, this inductive bias is static throughout training, as the kernel does not evolve. This contrasts with the finite-width case, where the kernel can change and feature learning can occur. As a consequence, the generalization performance and the types of functions learned in the NTK regime are limited by the expressive power of the fixed kernel, rather than by the network's ability to adapt its features during training.
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Can you explain the difference between lazy training and feature learning in neural networks?
How does the NTK regime affect the generalization ability of neural networks?
What are some practical implications of lazy training for designing neural network architectures?
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Lazy training is a phenomenon that emerges when you consider neural networks in the infinite-width limit, as described by the linearization approach from previous sections. In this regime, the parameters of the network change very little during training—so little, in fact, that the network's behavior can be closely approximated by its first-order Taylor expansion around the initial parameters. This means that, rather than learning new features or representations, the network effectively acts as a linear model in the space of its parameters. The term "lazy" refers to the fact that the network does not significantly update its internal representations, relying instead on the initial random features it started with. As a result, the training dynamics are governed almost entirely by the fixed neural tangent kernel (NTK) determined at initialization, and the network's evolution is described by kernel regression with this NTK.
The inductive bias in the NTK regime is fundamentally tied to the properties of the kernel itself. Since the NTK is determined by the network's architecture and its random initialization, it encodes the kinds of functions the network can represent and generalize. Different architectures—such as fully connected networks versus convolutional networks—produce different NTKs, and thus different inductive biases. For example, a convolutional architecture will yield an NTK that favors translation-invariant solutions, while a fully connected network's NTK does not. The initialization also plays a crucial role: the distribution of the initial weights affects the NTK and thus alters the implicit regularization imposed on the learning process. In the NTK regime, this inductive bias is static throughout training, as the kernel does not evolve. This contrasts with the finite-width case, where the kernel can change and feature learning can occur. As a consequence, the generalization performance and the types of functions learned in the NTK regime are limited by the expressive power of the fixed kernel, rather than by the network's ability to adapt its features during training.
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