Oppiskele @abstractmethod and Enforcement Rules

Pyyhkäise näyttääksesi valikon

@abstractmethod is the decorator that marks a method as required. It has specific rules about how it interacts with other decorators, what happens when subclasses override it, and what counts as a valid implementation.

The Basic Contract

A method decorated with @abstractmethod must be overridden in every concrete subclass. The ABC itself can provide a body – but the body is never called automatically. It serves as a default implementation that subclasses can explicitly invoke with super():


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Validator(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def validate(self, value):
        # Default logic subclasses can call via super()
        if value is None:
            raise ValueError("Value cannot be None")

class RangeValidator(Validator):
    def __init__(self, min_val, max_val):
        self.min_val = min_val
        self.max_val = max_val

    def validate(self, value):
        super().validate(value)  # Calling the abstract method's body
        if not (self.min_val <= value <= self.max_val):
            raise ValueError(f"{value} is outside [{self.min_val}, {self.max_val}]")

validator = RangeValidator(0, 100)
validator.validate(50)   # Passes
validator.validate(None) # Raises ValueError from super()

Combining `@abstractmethod` with Other Decorators

@abstractmethod must always be the innermost decorator – closest to the function definition. Placing it on the outside breaks enforcement:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class DataSource(ABC):
    # Correct: @abstractmethod is innermost
    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def connection_string(self):
        pass

    # Correct: @abstractmethod is innermost
    @classmethod
    @abstractmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        pass

    # Correct: @abstractmethod is innermost
    @staticmethod
    @abstractmethod
    def validate_schema(schema):
        pass

class PostgresSource(DataSource):
    @property
    def connection_string(self):
        return "postgresql://localhost:5432/db"

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        return cls()

    @staticmethod
    def validate_schema(schema):
        return isinstance(schema, dict)

source = PostgresSource()
print(source.connection_string)

Overriding Does Not Require Calling `super()`

A concrete implementation simply needs to exist – calling super() is optional:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Serializer(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def serialize(self, data):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def deserialize(self, raw):
        pass

class JsonSerializer(Serializer):
    def serialize(self, data):
        import json
        return json.dumps(data)  # No super() call required

    def deserialize(self, raw):
        import json
        return json.loads(raw)

serializer = JsonSerializer()
print(serializer.serialize({"amount": 4500.0, "currency": "USD"}))

What Does Not Count as an Implementation

Defining a method with only pass or only ... in the subclass does satisfy the requirement – the override exists even if it does nothing:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Notifier(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def send(self, message):
        pass

class SilentNotifier(Notifier):
    def send(self, message):
        pass  # Valid – override exists, does nothing

notifier = SilentNotifier()  # No TypeError
notifier.send("alert")       # Does nothing, no error

The enforcement is syntactic – Python checks that the name exists in the subclass's __dict__ or its MRO, not that it does meaningful work.

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@abstractmethod and Enforcement Rules

The Basic Contract

Combining @abstractmethod with Other Decorators

Overriding Does Not Require Calling super()

What Does Not Count as an Implementation

Combining `@abstractmethod` with Other Decorators

Overriding Does Not Require Calling `super()`