Impara Weak References with weakref | Writing Memory-Efficient Code

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A normal reference keeps an object alive by incrementing its reference count. A weak reference points to an object without incrementing its count – the object can be garbage collected even while a weak reference to it exists. This is the standard tool for caches and observer patterns where you don't want references to prevent cleanup.

The Problem Weak References Solve

A cache that holds strong references to its values keeps those values alive indefinitely – even if nothing else in the program needs them:


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import sys

# Strong reference cache – objects never collected while in cache
class ReportCache:
    def __init__(self):
        self._cache = {}

    def store(self, key, value):
        self._cache[key] = value  # Strong reference – keeps value alive

    def get(self, key):
        return self._cache.get(key)

cache = ReportCache()

class Report:
    def __init__(self, report_id):
        self.report_id = report_id

report = Report("Q1")
cache.store("Q1", report)
del report  # Object NOT collected – cache still holds a strong reference

print(cache.get("Q1"))  # Still accessible
print(sys.getrefcount(cache.get("Q1")))  # Count > 1

Using `weakref.ref()`

A weak reference does not prevent garbage collection. When the object is collected, the weak reference returns None:


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import weakref

class Report:
    def __init__(self, report_id):
        self.report_id = report_id

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Report({self.report_id})"

report = Report("Q2")
weak = weakref.ref(report)  # Creating a weak reference

print(weak())          # Report(Q2) – object still alive
print(weak() is report)  # True

del report             # Last strong reference removed – object collected

print(weak())          # None – object has been garbage collected

`weakref.WeakValueDictionary` — Automatic Cache Cleanup

WeakValueDictionary stores values as weak references. Entries are removed automatically when their values are garbage collected:


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import weakref

class DataSet:
    def __init__(self, dataset_id):
        self.dataset_id = dataset_id

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"DataSet({self.dataset_id})"

# Cache that doesn't prevent garbage collection of its values
cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()

dataset_a = DataSet("sales_2024")
dataset_b = DataSet("costs_2024")

cache["sales"] = dataset_a
cache["costs"] = dataset_b

print(dict(cache))  # Both entries present

del dataset_a       # Strong reference removed – entry auto-removed from cache

print(dict(cache))  # Only 'costs' remains

`weakref.WeakSet` — Tracking Objects Without Owning Them

WeakSet stores objects as weak references – useful for observer registries where observers should not be kept alive by the registry itself:


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import weakref

class EventListener:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def on_event(self, event):
        print(f"{self.name} received: {event}")

# Registry that doesn't prevent listeners from being collected
listener_registry = weakref.WeakSet()

listener_a = EventListener("dashboard")
listener_b = EventListener("logger")

listener_registry.add(listener_a)
listener_registry.add(listener_b)

print(f"Active listeners: {len(listener_registry)}")  # 2

del listener_a  # Removed from registry automatically

print(f"Active listeners: {len(listener_registry)}")  # 1

When to Use Weak References

Use weak references when:

Building a cache that should release values when memory is needed;
Implementing an observer or event system where listeners shouldn't be kept alive by the dispatcher;
Tracking objects without claiming ownership of their lifetime.

Do not use them for objects that must stay alive for the duration of the program.

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Sezione 2. Capitolo 4

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Sezione 2. Capitolo 4

Weak References with weakref

The Problem Weak References Solve

Using weakref.ref()

weakref.WeakValueDictionary — Automatic Cache Cleanup

weakref.WeakSet — Tracking Objects Without Owning Them

When to Use Weak References

Using `weakref.ref()`

`weakref.WeakValueDictionary` — Automatic Cache Cleanup

`weakref.WeakSet` — Tracking Objects Without Owning Them