Summary  
This chapter covers CSS properties for adjusting text spacing and adding depth—specifically line-height, letter-spacing, word-spacing, and text-shadow—to improve readability.

General domain of usage  
Web typography and front-end design.

Watch this video to see how `line-height`, `letter-spacing`, `word-spacing`, and `text-shadow` work in real CSS examples. You'll learn how each property affects readability, get tips for choosing values. Use simple css examples. Do not provide full html document stucture. Focus on css mainly

Una buona tipografia migliora la leggibilità e la struttura visiva.
In questo capitolo ci concentriamo sulle proprietà che controllano la spaziatura e gli effetti visivi sottili per il testo: `line-height`, `letter-spacing`, `word-spacing` e `text-shadow`.

Queste proprietà aiutano a rendere il testo più facile da leggere e visivamente equilibrato.

## line-height
`line-height` controlla la spaziatura verticale tra le linee di testo. I browser impostano un valore predefinito in base al font, ma è possibile personalizzarlo utilizzando diversi formati:

```css
line-height: multiplier | value in px | value in em | percent 
```
- `multiplier` valore senza unità come `1.5` moltiplica il `font-size`;
- `value in px` altezza specifica, ad esempio `24px`;
- `value in em` valore relativo, simile al multiplier (`1.4em = font-size × 1.4`);
- `percent` funziona come multiplier (`120% = font-size × 1.2`).

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .lh-multiplier p {
        line-height: 1.6;
      }

      .lh-px p {
        line-height: 28px;
      }

      .lh-em p {
        line-height: 1.8em;
      }

      .lh-percent p {
        line-height: 180%;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      body {
        font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        height: 100vh;
        background-color: #f3f3f3;
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
      }

      ul {
        display: flex;
        justify-content: space-around;
        list-style: none;
        padding-left: 0;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 20px;
      }

      .container {
        width: 260px;
        border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
        padding: 15px;
        border-radius: 8px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
        text-align: left;
      }

      h3 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
        font-size: 18px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-multiplier">
          <h3>Moltiplicatore</h3>
          <p>
            "Il successo non è la chiave della felicità. La felicità è la chiave
            del successo. Se ami ciò che fai, avrai successo." –
            Albert Schweitzer
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-px">
          <h3>Pixel</h3>
          <p>
            "Non ho fallito. Ho solo trovato 10.000 modi che non funzionano." –
            Thomas Edison
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-em">
          <h3>EM</h3>
          <p>
            "Nel mezzo di ogni difficoltà si trova un'opportunità." – Albert
            Einstein
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-percent">
          <h3>Percentuale</h3>
          <p>
            "Non andare dove il sentiero può portare, vai invece dove il sentiero non c'è e lascia una traccia." – Ralph Waldo Emerson
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## letter-spacing
`letter-spacing` imposta la spaziatura orizzontale tra i caratteri.

```css
letter-spacing: normal | value in px | value in em
``` 
- `normal`: spaziatura predefinita;
- `value in px`: spaziatura aggiuntiva fissa;
- `value in em`: spaziatura relativa a `font-size`.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    
    <style>/* Current focus */
.ls-normal .quote {
  letter-spacing: normal;
}

.ls-px .quote {
  letter-spacing: 4px;
}

.ls-em .quote {
  letter-spacing: 0.3em;
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #f6f6f6;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-normal">
          <h3>Normale</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Cambia il mondo essendo te stesso." – Amy Poehler
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-px">
          <h3>4px</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Tutto ciò che puoi immaginare è reale." – Pablo Picasso
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-em">
          <h3>0.3em</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Qualunque cosa tu sia, sii una brava persona." – Abraham Lincoln
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## word-spacing
La proprietà `word-spacing` regola la distanza tra le parole.

```css
word-spacing: value | inherit | normal
```
- `value`: spaziatura personalizzata;
- `inherit`: utilizza la spaziatura dell'elemento genitore;
- `normal`: spaziatura predefinita.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
   <style>/* Current focus */
.ws-normal .quote {
  word-spacing: normal;
}

.ws-custom .quote {
  word-spacing: 12px;
}

.parent {
  word-spacing: 20px;
}

.ws-inherit .quote {
  word-spacing: inherit;
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #fafafa;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-normal">
          <h3>Normale</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Fai oggi qualcosa per cui il tuo futuro ti ringrazierà.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-custom">
          <h3>12px</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Il successo non deriva da ciò che fai occasionalmente, ma da ciò che fai
            con costanza.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-inherit">
          <h3>Eredita</h3>
          <div class="parent">
            <p class="quote">Le grandi cose non nascono mai dalla zona di comfort.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## text-shadow
`text-shadow` aggiunge un effetto ombra al testo. Accetta quattro valori:

```css
text-shadow: "X set" | "Y set" | "blur radius" | "color"
```
- `X set`: spostamento orizzontale;
- `Y set`: spostamento verticale;
- `blur radius`: morbidezza dell'ombra (0 = nitida);
- `color`: qualsiasi colore valido, predefinito al colore attuale del testo.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>/* Current focus */
.shadow-subtle .quote {
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* soft dark shadow */
}

.shadow-soft-depth .quote {
  text-shadow: 2px 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); /* deeper, longer shadow */
}

.shadow-strong-contrast .quote {
  text-shadow: 3px 3px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); /* more aggressive shadow */
}

.shadow-colored .quote {
  text-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(128, 0, 128, 0.5); /* purple glow */
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-around;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-subtle">
          <h3>Bagliore Sottile</h3>
          <p class="quote">Credi di potercela fare e sei già a metà strada.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-soft-depth">
          <h3>Profondità Morbida</h3>
          <p class="quote">Il coraggio è grazia sotto pressione.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-strong-contrast">
          <h3>Contrasto Forte</h3>
          <p class="quote">Trasforma le tue ferite in saggezza.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-colored">
          <h3>Bagliore Colorato</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Tutto ciò che hai sempre desiderato è dall'altra parte della paura.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


Nella formattazione del testo, non esistono regole rigide che impongano quali valori debbano essere utilizzati in situazioni specifiche. La scelta delle proprietà e dei valori di formattazione del testo dipende dai requisiti unici di ciascun progetto e dalla visione del design.

Nota

Quale proprietà CSS viene utilizzata per creare un effetto visivo che aggiunge un'ombra al testo?

Quale proprietà CSS regola la distanza tra le parole in un testo?

Apprendi le nozioni fondamentali di CSS, il linguaggio di stile che trasforma l'aspetto delle pagine web. Esplora concetti chiave come stili del testo, colori, spaziatura, box model, Flexbox ed effetti decorativi. Sviluppa le competenze necessarie per creare pagine web visivamente accattivanti e ben strutturate.

Comprendere come CSS si collega a HTML e come gli stili vengono applicati tramite i selettori. Applicazione di colori, stili del testo ed effetti hover per controllare la presentazione visiva.

Miglioramento della tipografia tramite altezza della linea, spaziatura, proprietà dei font e font personalizzati. Controllo delle famiglie di font, peso, stile e dimensione per una migliore leggibilità.

Controllo della struttura del layout tramite proprietà di margine, padding, bordi e larghezza. Comprensione del comportamento del dimensionamento del box e dei tipi di visualizzazione degli elementi come block, inline e inline-block.

Controllo dei layout orizzontali e verticali utilizzando le proprietà Flexbox. Regolazione della direzione, dell'allineamento e della spaziatura per strutturare i componenti dell'interfaccia utente.

Migliora i layout utilizzando colori di sfondo, immagini, pseudo-elementi e ombre. Stile dei componenti visivi per profondità e contrasto.

Formattazione del Testo per una Migliore Leggibilità

line-height

Output

letter-spacing

Output

word-spacing

Output

text-shadow

Output

1. Quale proprietà CSS viene utilizzata per creare un effetto visivo che aggiunge un'ombra al testo?

2. Quale proprietà CSS regola la distanza tra le parole in un testo?