Summary  
This chapter introduces how to use CSS text properties—text-decoration (none, underline, overline, line-through), text-transform (capitalize, lowercase, uppercase), and text-align (start, end, center, justify)—to style and position text elements.  

General domain of usage  
Front-end web design and styling.

## text-decoration
The `text-decoration` property can be applied to any text content, including links, headings, paragraphs, and lists. It adds line effects such as underlining. Common values:

```css
text-decoration: none | line-through | underline | overline
```


Let's run the following example and see the difference between all the property values.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .text-none {
        text-decoration: none;
      }

      .text-lined-through {
        text-decoration: line-through;
      }

      .text-underlined {
        text-decoration: underline;
      }

      .text-overlined {
        text-decoration: overline;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      body {
        font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        background-color: #f4f4f4;
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
      }

      ul {
        display: flex;
        justify-content: space-around;
        list-style: none;
        padding-left: 0;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 10px;
      }

      .container {
        width: 280px;
        border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
        padding: 10px;
        border-radius: 8px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      h3 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
      }

      .text-lined-through {
        color: gray;
      }

      .text-underlined {
        color: darkblue;
        font-weight: bold;
      }

      .text-overlined {
        color: darkgreen;
        font-style: italic;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>None</h3>
          <p class="text-none">
            "Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication." <br />
            - Leonardo da Vinci
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Line-Through</h3>
          <p class="text-lined-through">
            "Opportunities multiply as they are seized." <br />
            - Sun Tzu
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Underline</h3>
          <p class="text-underlined">
            "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." <br />
            - Steve Jobs
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Overline</h3>
          <p class="text-overlined">
            "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to
            continue that counts." <br />
            - Winston Churchill
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## text-transform
The `text-transform` property allows us to change the capitalization of text content in HTML elements.

```css
text-transform: capitalize | lowercase | uppercase | none
```

Let's consider the difference between all the property values:

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .capitalized-text {
        text-transform: capitalize;
      }

      .uppercased-text {
        text-transform: uppercase;
      }

      .lowercased-text {
        text-transform: lowercase;
      }

      .not-modified-text {
        text-transform: none;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      body {
        font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
      }

      ul {
        display: flex;
        justify-content: space-around;
        list-style: none;
        padding-left: 0;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 10px;
      }

      .container {
        width: 280px;
        border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
        padding: 10px;
        border-radius: 8px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      h3 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Capitalized</h3>
          <p class="capitalized-text">
            "Life is what happens when you're busy making other plans." <br />
            - John Lennon
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Uppercased</h3>
          <p class="uppercased-text">
            "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to
            continue that counts." <br />
            - Winston Churchill
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Lowercased</h3>
          <p class="lowercased-text">
            "THE ONLY LIMIT TO OUR REALIZATION OF TOMORROW IS OUR DOUBTS OF
            TODAY." <br />
            - Franklin D. Roosevelt
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container">
          <h3>Not Modified</h3>
          <p class="not-modified-text">
            "Do what you can, with what you have, where you are." <br />
            - Theodore Roosevelt
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## text-align
The `text-align` property allows you to horizontally align text content.

```css
text-align: start | end | center | justify
``` 

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .text-start {
        text-align: start;
      }

      .text-end {
        text-align: end;
      }

      .text-center {
        text-align: center;
      }

      .text-justify {
        text-align: justify;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      body {
        font-family: 'Lora', serif;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        background-color: #f3f3f3;
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
      }

      ul {
        display: flex;
        justify-content: space-around;
        list-style: none;
        padding-left: 0;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 10px;
      }

      .container {
        width: 280px;
        border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
        padding: 10px;
        border-radius: 8px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      h3 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-top: 0;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
      }

      span {
        display: inline-block;
        margin-top: 10px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container text-start">
          <h3>Start</h3>
          <p>
            "The best way to predict the future is to create it." <br />
            <span>- Peter Drucker</span>
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container text-end">
          <h3>End</h3>
          <p>
            "Dream big and dare to fail." <br />
            <span>- Norman Vaughan</span>
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container text-center">
          <h3>Center</h3>
          <p>
            "Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does." <br />
            <span>- William James</span>
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container text-justify">
          <h3>Justify</h3>
          <p>
            "Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can
            catch excellence." <br />
            <span>- Vince Lombardi</span>
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>

What CSS property allows to change the capitalization of text content?

What CSS property allows to horizontally align text content?

What CSS property allows you to add visual effects to the text content, such as underline or strike-through?

Learn how CSS brings structure and visual style to web pages by controlling layout, typography, spacing, and interactive states. Topics range from core styling concepts and selectors to the box model, Flexbox layouts, fonts, backgrounds, and decorative effects for building modern, responsive interfaces.

Mastering Text Styling in CSS

text-decoration

Output

text-transform

Output

text-align

Output

1. What CSS property allows to change the capitalization of text content?

2. What CSS property allows to horizontally align text content?

3. What CSS property allows you to add visual effects to the text content, such as underline or strike-through?