学ぶ Virtual Subclasses and register()

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ABCs can recognize classes as subclasses even when those classes do not inherit from the ABC. This is called virtual subclassing – the class is registered with the ABC and passes isinstance() and issubclass() checks without any inheritance relationship.

The Problem `register()` Solves

Sometimes you want a class to satisfy an ABC interface without modifying its source code. This is common when integrating third-party classes or built-in types into your own ABC hierarchy:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Serializable(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def serialize(self):
        pass

# A third-party class you cannot modify
class ExternalReport:
    def serialize(self):
        return {"type": "external", "data": "..."}

# Without register() – isinstance fails
print(isinstance(ExternalReport(), Serializable))  # False

Using `register()`

ABC.register(subclass) marks a class as a virtual subclass. It passes isinstance() and issubclass() checks without inheriting:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Serializable(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def serialize(self):
        pass

class ExternalReport:
    def serialize(self):
        return {"type": "external", "data": "..."}

# Registering the external class as a virtual subclass
Serializable.register(ExternalReport)

print(isinstance(ExternalReport(), Serializable))   # True
print(issubclass(ExternalReport, Serializable))     # True

# But it is NOT in the MRO
print(Serializable in ExternalReport.__mro__)       # False

`register()` as a Decorator

register() can also be used as a class decorator:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Cacheable(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def cache_key(self):
        pass

@Cacheable.register
class UserSession:
    def __init__(self, session_id):
        self.session_id = session_id

    def cache_key(self):
        return f"session:{self.session_id}"

session = UserSession("sess-001")
print(isinstance(session, Cacheable))  # True
print(session.cache_key())             # "session:sess-001"

No Enforcement for Virtual Subclasses

The critical difference between real and virtual subclasses: register() does not enforce abstract method implementation. A virtual subclass that is missing required methods will not raise TypeError on instantiation:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Exportable(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def export(self):
        pass

class BrokenExporter:
    pass  # Missing export()

Exportable.register(BrokenExporter)

# No TypeError – virtual subclasses bypass enforcement
broken = BrokenExporter()
print(isinstance(broken, Exportable))  # True – but export() is missing!

broken.export()  # AttributeError at call time