Summary  
This chapter explains how to use the SQL SELECT statement to retrieve multiple columns from a table by listing the desired column names separated by commas.

General domain of usage  
Relational database querying

## Inspecting the Table

Let's delve deeper into the `country` database. This database contains a single table, also named `country`. We'll take a closer look at the data within this table.

This table contains **15 rows**, representing 15 unique records for various countries.

Now, let's discuss the columns. The table includes **7 columns**: `id`, `name`, `continent`, `region`, `SurfaceArea`, `capital`, and `population`.

1. `id` - the unique identifier for each record;

2. `name` - the name of the country;

3. `continent` - the continent where the country is located;

4. `region` - the specific region within the continent;

5. `SurfaceArea` - the total land area of the country;

6. `capital` - the capital city of the country;

7. `population` - the number of people living in the country.



## The Syntax for Selecting Multiple Columns

To retrieve multiple columns, use the `SELECT` statement. After `SELECT`, list the column names you want to retrieve, separated by commas. 

The syntax looks like this: 

```sql
SELECT column1, column2, column3 
FROM table_name;
```

Here's an example of how to select **three** columns from the `country` table:

import unittest
import psycopg2
import pandas as pd

class TestTask(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.connection = psycopg2.connect(
            host="localhost",
            user="agent",
            password="qwerty",
            dbname="testdb",
            sslmode="disable"
        )
        cls.cursor = cls.connection.cursor()

    def test_query_retrieves_correct_columns(self):
        """Check if query retrieves only 'continent' and 'population' columns from 'country'."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        self.cursor.execute(query)
        columns = [desc[0].lower() for desc in self.cursor.description]
        expected_columns = ["continent", "population"]
        condition = columns == expected_columns
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The query retrieves only the 'continent' and 'population' columns in the correct order.",
            f"The query should retrieve only the columns 'continent' and 'population' in order, but got: {columns}."
        )

    def test_query_uses_correct_table(self):
        """Check if query returns the expected number of rows from 'country' table (should be 15)."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        self.cursor.execute(query)
        rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
        condition = len(rows) == 15
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The query uses the correct table and returns 15 rows.",
            f"The query should return 15 rows from the 'country' table, but got {len(rows)} rows."
        )

    def test_query_column_separator(self):
        """Check that both columns are selected and separated by a comma in the SELECT clause."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read().lower().replace("\\n", " ")
        # Find the SELECT ... FROM part
        select_from = query.split("from")[0]
        # Remove SELECT keyword
        select_columns = select_from.replace("select", "").strip()
        # Must contain a comma between 'continent' and 'population'
        has_comma = "," in select_columns
        has_continent = "continent" in select_columns
        has_population = "population" in select_columns
        condition = has_comma and has_continent and has_population
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The SELECT clause contains both columns separated by a comma.",
            "The SELECT clause must contain both 'continent' and 'population', separated by a comma."
        )

def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)

def normalize_text(text):
    text = text.lower()
    text = re.sub(r"\s{2,}", " ", text)
    text = re.sub(r"\s*([,:?])\s*", r"\1 ", text)
    return text.strip()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()


test_solution.py

This course is perfect for beginners ready to explore the world of SQL. Whether you're just starting out in database management or aiming to use SQL for your application development projects, this course covers the essentials. You'll quickly learn how to leverage the full potential of SQL, from querying and managing data to seamlessly integrating it into real-world applications. By the end of the course, you'll have the confidence and skills to solve practical problems with SQL and enhance your development process.

Retrieving Multiple Columns

Inspecting the Table

The Syntax for Selecting Multiple Columns

解答