Summary  
This chapter covers creating and using nested lists—lists whose elements can themselves be lists—and combining lists via variables to build multi-level data structures.  

General domain of usage  
Organizing hierarchical or grouped data (e.g., categorizing items by region)

Items within a list in Python can also be lists. This forms what is called a "nested list" or "lists within lists." Nested lists are powerful in organizing elaborative data structures in that you can store multiple-level data within one list.

For instance, you might have a list where some elements are just single values, and others might be lists themselves. Here's a simple example:

cities = ["London", ["Paris", "Madrid"], "Rome", ["Bangkok", ["New York", "Los Angeles"]]]

print(cities)

### Using Variables for Nested Lists
This example illustrates a nested list in which the second and fourth elements are also lists, and the fourth element even contains another nested list within it.

You can also create nested lists by concatenating lists held in variables. This can be useful to make your code more readable. For instance:

europe_cities = ["Paris", "Berlin", "Rome"]
asia_cities = ["Tokyo", "Seoul", "Bangkok"]
america_cities = ["New York", "Los Angeles", "Chicago"]

world_cities = [europe_cities, asia_cities, america_cities]

print(world_cities)

Here, we first define three independent lists for cities in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. We then combine the lists into one, `world_cities`, which becomes a nested list.

The example shows that a nested list is a good way to organize related data, such as cities from different continents, in a natural, intuitive, and organized manner.

import unittest
from contextlib import redirect_stdout
import io
import importlib
import user_code

def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)

class TestUserCode(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_first_city_list_is_declared(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'first_city'),
            "The `first_city` list is declared.",
            "Expected `first_city` to be declared."
        )

    def test_second_city_list_is_declared(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'second_city'),
            "The `second_city` list is declared.",
            "Expected `second_city` to be declared."
        )

    def test_third_city_list_is_declared(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'third_city'),
            "The `third_city` list is declared.",
            "Expected `third_city` to be declared."
        )

    def test_first_city_of_type_list(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.first_city, list),
            "The `first_city` is of type `list`.",
            f"Expected `first_city` to be of type `list`, but got {type(user_code.first_city)}."
        )

    def test_second_city_of_type_list(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.second_city, list),
            "The `second_city` is of type `list`.",
            f"Expected `second_city` to be of type `list`, but got {type(user_code.second_city)}."
        )

    def test_third_city_of_type_list(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.third_city, list),
            "The `third_city` is of type `list`.",
            f"Expected `third_city` to be of type `list`, but got {type(user_code.third_city)}."
        )

    def test_first_list_element_types(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            all([isinstance(user_code.first_city[0], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.first_city[1], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.first_city[2], (int, float))]),
            "Elements of `first_city` are of types (str, str, int/float).",
            "Expected elements of `first_city` to be of types (str, str, int/float)."
        )

    def test_second_list_element_types(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            all([isinstance(user_code.second_city[0], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.second_city[1], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.second_city[2], (int, float))]),
            "Elements of `second_city` are of types (str, str, int/float).",
            "Expected elements of `second_city` to be of types (str, str, int/float)."
        )

    def test_third_list_element_types(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            all([isinstance(user_code.third_city[0], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.third_city[1], str),
                 isinstance(user_code.third_city[2], (int, float))]),
            "Elements of `third_city` are of types (str, str, int/float).",
            "Expected elements of `third_city` to be of types (str, str, int/float)."
        )

    def test_travel_wishlist_is_declared(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'travel_wishlist'),
            "The `travel_wishlist` is declared.",
            "Expected `travel_wishlist` to be declared."
        )

    def test_travel_wishlist_is_list(self):
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.travel_wishlist, list),
            "The `travel_wishlist` is of type `list`.",
            f"Expected `travel_wishlist` to be of type `list`, but got {type(user_code.travel_wishlist)}."
        )

    def test_travel_wishlist_contains_nested_lists(self):
        travel_wishlist = user_code.travel_wishlist
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            len(travel_wishlist) >= 3,
            "The `travel_wishlist` contains at least 3 nested lists.",
            f"Expected `travel_wishlist` to contain at least 3 nested lists, but got {len(travel_wishlist)}."
        )

        for i, sublist in enumerate(travel_wishlist):
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                isinstance(sublist, list),
                f"Element {i+1} of `travel_wishlist` is a list.",
                f"Expected element {i+1} of `travel_wishlist` to be a list."
            )
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                len(sublist) == 3,
                f"Nested list {i+1} contains exactly 3 elements.",
                f"Expected nested list {i+1} to contain exactly 3 elements."
            )
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                all([isinstance(sublist[0], str), isinstance(sublist[1], str), isinstance(sublist[2], (int, float))]),
                f"Nested list {i+1} elements are of types (str, str, int/float).",
                f"Expected elements of nested list {i+1} to be of types (str, str, int/float)."
            )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test_main.py

Explore the fundamental data structures of the Python programming language, including lists, dictionaries, tuples, and sets, and learn how to apply them effectively to solve real-world programming challenges.

What is a list? A list is an ordered collection that can be modified. It also allows for duplicate elements.

Working with Nested Lists in Python

Using Variables for Nested Lists

解答