Summary  
Multi-class classification with k-NN uses the KNeighborsClassifier to handle targets with more than two classes by selecting the most frequent class among the nearest neighbors.

General domain of usage  
Movie rating classification

k-NNによる**多クラス分類**は、二値分類と同様に簡単です。近傍で最も多いクラスを選択します。  


`KNeighborsClassifier`は、`y`に2つ以上の特徴がある場合、自動的に多クラス分類を実行します。そのため、**何も変更する必要はありません**。唯一変わるのは、`y`メソッドに渡す`.fit()`変数です。

これから、**k-NNによる多クラス分類**を実行します。次のデータセットを考えてみましょう:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b71ff7ac-3932-41d2-a4d8-060e24b00129/starwars_multiple.csv')
print(df.head())

前章の例と同様ですが、今回はターゲットが3つの値を取ることができます：
- **0**: 「嫌い」（評価が3/5未満）;
- **1**: 「まあまあ」（評価が3/5以上4/5未満）;
- **2**: 「好き」（評価が4/5以上）。

import unittest
import importlib
import numpy as np


def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)


def get_first_differing_index(expected_array, actual_array):
    for i, (val_1, val_2) in enumerate(zip(expected_array, actual_array)):
        if not np.array_equal(val_1, val_2):
            return i, expected_array[i], actual_array[i]

    if len(expected_array) > len(actual_array):
        return len(actual_array), expected_array[len(actual_array)], None
    else:
        return len(expected_array), None, actual_array[len(expected_array)]


class TestUserCode(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_scaler_is_declared(self):
        import user_code

        variable = 'scaler'
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, variable),
            f"The `{variable}` variable is declared.",
            f"Expected `{variable}` to be declared."
        )

    def test_scaler_is_standard_scaler(self):
        import user_code
        from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

        try:
            condition = isinstance(user_code.scaler, StandardScaler)
            failure_message = f"Expected `scaler` to be a `StandardScaler`, but got `{type(user_code.scaler).__name__}`."
        except AttributeError:
            condition = False
            failure_message = "The `scaler` variable is not declared."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "`scaler` is a `StandardScaler`.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_X_train_is_scaled_correctly(self):
        import user_code
        from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

        df = user_code.pd.read_csv(
            'https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b71ff7ac-3932-41d2-a4d8-060e24b00129/starwars_multiple.csv')
        X_train = df.drop('StarWars6', axis=1)

        scaler = StandardScaler()
        expected_value = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)

        variable = 'X_train'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        condition = False
        if actual_value is None:
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif not isinstance(actual_value, np.ndarray):
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `numpy.ndarray`."
        elif actual_value.size == 0:
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
        elif np.array_equal(actual_value, expected_value):
            condition = True
            failure_message = None
        else:
            idx, expected_element, actual_element = get_first_differing_index(expected_value, actual_value)
            failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_element}` at index {idx}, but got `{actual_element}`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct data.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_X_test_is_scaled_correctly(self):
        import user_code
        from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

        df = user_code.pd.read_csv(
            'https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b71ff7ac-3932-41d2-a4d8-060e24b00129/starwars_multiple.csv')
        X_train = df.drop('StarWars6', axis=1)
        X_test = np.array([[5, 5], [4.5, 4]])

        scaler = StandardScaler()
        scaler.fit(X_train)
        expected_value = scaler.transform(X_test)

        variable = 'X_test'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        condition = False
        if actual_value is None:
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif not isinstance(actual_value, np.ndarray):
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `numpy.ndarray`."
        elif actual_value.size == 0:
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
        elif np.array_equal(actual_value, expected_value):
            condition = True
            failure_message = None
        else:
            idx, expected_element, actual_element = get_first_differing_index(expected_value, actual_value)
            failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_element}` at index {idx}, but got `{actual_element}`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct data.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_knn_is_declared(self):
        import user_code

        variable = 'knn'
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, variable),
            f"The `{variable}` variable is declared.",
            f"Expected `{variable}` to be declared."
        )

    def test_knn_is_initialized_correctly(self):
        import user_code
        from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

        variable = 'knn'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        if actual_value is None:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif isinstance(actual_value, KNeighborsClassifier):
            condition = actual_value.n_neighbors == 13
            failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to be a `KNeighborsClassifier` with `13` neighbors, but got `n_neighbors={actual_value.n_neighbors}`."
        else:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `KNeighborsClassifier`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` is a `KNeighborsClassifier` with `13` neighbors.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_y_pred_is_declared(self):
        import user_code

        variable = 'y_pred'
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, variable),
            f"The `{variable}` variable is declared.",
            f"Expected `{variable}` to be declared."
        )

    def test_y_pred_is_correct(self):
        import user_code

        expected_value = np.array([2, 1])

        variable = 'y_pred'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        condition = False
        if actual_value is None:
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif not isinstance(actual_value, np.ndarray):
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `numpy.ndarray`."
        elif actual_value.size == 0:
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
        elif np.array_equal(actual_value, expected_value):
            condition = True
            failure_message = None
        else:
            idx, expected_element, actual_element = get_first_differing_index(expected_value, actual_value)
            failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_element}` at index {idx}, but got `{actual_element}`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct data.",
            failure_message
        )


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test_main.py

Pythonを使用したカテゴリカルな結果を予測するための分類手法を紹介します。分類モデルの構築、トレーニング、評価、決定境界の解釈、一般的なアルゴリズムの実世界データセットへの適用に焦点を当てます。


多クラス分類

解答