Regression Analysis for Environmental Data
Regression analysis is a fundamental statistical technique that allows you to model and quantify relationships between variables in environmental science. For example, you might want to understand how pollutant concentration changes as a function of temperature, or predict future air quality based on weather conditions. By fitting a regression model to your data, you can make informed predictions and gain insight into how environmental factors interact.
123456789101112131415161718192021import pandas as pd from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression # Hardcoded example environmental data: temperature (C) and pollutant concentration (µg/m³) data = { "temperature": [15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36], "pollutant_concentration": [40, 38, 35, 33, 30, 28, 26, 25] } df = pd.DataFrame(data) # Prepare input (X) and target (y) X = df[["temperature"]] y = df["pollutant_concentration"] # Fit linear regression model model = LinearRegression() model.fit(X, y) # Print regression coefficients print("Intercept:", model.intercept_) print("Slope:", model.coef_[0])
After fitting the regression model, you obtain an intercept and a slope. The intercept represents the predicted pollutant concentration when the temperature is zero, while the slope shows how much the pollutant concentration changes for each one-degree increase in temperature. A negative slope, like in the example above, indicates that as temperature rises, pollutant concentration decreases. The strength of this relationship and how well the model fits the data can be assessed using metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R²), which is available in scikit-learn as the score() method. Interpreting these values helps you understand the environmental process you are modeling and the predictive power of your regression model.
12345678910111213141516import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np # Plot observed data points plt.scatter(df["temperature"], df["pollutant_concentration"], color="blue", label="Observed Data") # Plot regression line temperatures = np.linspace(df["temperature"].min(), df["temperature"].max(), 100).reshape(-1, 1) predicted = model.predict(temperatures) plt.plot(temperatures, predicted, color="red", label="Regression Line") plt.xlabel("Temperature (°C)") plt.ylabel("Pollutant Concentration (µg/m³)") plt.title("Pollutant Concentration vs Temperature") plt.legend() plt.show()
1. What does the slope in a regression model indicate?
2. Which scikit-learn class is used for linear regression?
3. Fill in the blank: To fit a linear regression model, use model.____(X, y).
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Regression analysis is a fundamental statistical technique that allows you to model and quantify relationships between variables in environmental science. For example, you might want to understand how pollutant concentration changes as a function of temperature, or predict future air quality based on weather conditions. By fitting a regression model to your data, you can make informed predictions and gain insight into how environmental factors interact.
123456789101112131415161718192021import pandas as pd from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression # Hardcoded example environmental data: temperature (C) and pollutant concentration (µg/m³) data = { "temperature": [15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36], "pollutant_concentration": [40, 38, 35, 33, 30, 28, 26, 25] } df = pd.DataFrame(data) # Prepare input (X) and target (y) X = df[["temperature"]] y = df["pollutant_concentration"] # Fit linear regression model model = LinearRegression() model.fit(X, y) # Print regression coefficients print("Intercept:", model.intercept_) print("Slope:", model.coef_[0])
After fitting the regression model, you obtain an intercept and a slope. The intercept represents the predicted pollutant concentration when the temperature is zero, while the slope shows how much the pollutant concentration changes for each one-degree increase in temperature. A negative slope, like in the example above, indicates that as temperature rises, pollutant concentration decreases. The strength of this relationship and how well the model fits the data can be assessed using metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R²), which is available in scikit-learn as the score() method. Interpreting these values helps you understand the environmental process you are modeling and the predictive power of your regression model.
12345678910111213141516import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np # Plot observed data points plt.scatter(df["temperature"], df["pollutant_concentration"], color="blue", label="Observed Data") # Plot regression line temperatures = np.linspace(df["temperature"].min(), df["temperature"].max(), 100).reshape(-1, 1) predicted = model.predict(temperatures) plt.plot(temperatures, predicted, color="red", label="Regression Line") plt.xlabel("Temperature (°C)") plt.ylabel("Pollutant Concentration (µg/m³)") plt.title("Pollutant Concentration vs Temperature") plt.legend() plt.show()
1. What does the slope in a regression model indicate?
2. Which scikit-learn class is used for linear regression?
3. Fill in the blank: To fit a linear regression model, use model.____(X, y).
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