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Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) are a powerful tool in Python for designing flexible and robust object-oriented systems. They help create maintainable code by defining clear contracts that subclasses must follow.


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class PaymentMethod(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def pay(self, amount):
        pass


class CreditCard(PaymentMethod):
    def pay(self, amount):
        return f"Paid {amount} using Credit Card"


class PayPal(PaymentMethod):
    def pay(self, amount):
        return f"Paid {amount} using PayPal"


def process_payment(method: PaymentMethod, amount):
    return method.pay(amount)


print(process_payment(CreditCard(), 100))
print(process_payment(PayPal(), 250))

PaymentMethod is an abstract base class. It defines a required method, pay, that every payment type must implement. CreditCard and PayPal are concrete subclasses. They provide their own versions of the pay method, but follow the same interface.

Note

The function process_payment works with any payment method because it relies on the shared abstract contract, not on specific classes.

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