Leer Modifying Class Attributes with Metaclasses

When you define a custom metaclass in Python, you gain the ability to control and modify the class creation process. One of the most powerful features is the ability to manipulate the class dictionary before the class itself is created. The class dictionary is a mapping of attribute names to their values, representing everything that will become part of the class's namespace. By altering this dictionary within a metaclass's __new__ or __init__ method, you can add new attributes, change existing ones, or even remove unwanted entries. This gives you fine-grained control over the final structure of any class that uses your metaclass.


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import datetime

class TimestampAdder(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict):
        class_dict['timestamp'] = datetime.datetime.now()
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict)

class MyClass(metaclass=TimestampAdder):
    pass

print(MyClass.timestamp)


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class UppercaseAttributes(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict):
        new_dict = {}
        for key, value in class_dict.items():
            if not key.startswith('__'):
                new_dict[key.upper()] = value
            else:
                new_dict[key] = value
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, new_dict)

class Demo(metaclass=UppercaseAttributes):
    my_attr = 42
    another = 'hello'

print(hasattr(Demo, 'my_attr'))      # False
print(hasattr(Demo, 'MY_ATTR'))      # True
print(Demo.MY_ATTR)                  # 42
print(Demo.ANOTHER)                  # hello

Modifying class attributes in a metaclass is especially useful in situations where you want to enforce consistency, inject common features, or automate repetitive tasks across multiple classes. For example, you might add auditing information automatically to every model class in a data processing application, or enforce naming conventions for attributes to avoid conflicts. This approach can also help with implementing frameworks, plugins, or APIs that require certain attributes or methods to be present on all subclasses, reducing human error and making codebases easier to maintain.

1. What is a common use case for modifying class attributes in a metaclass?

2. Fill in the blank: In a metaclass, the class attributes are available as the ____ argument.

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              1234567891011
            
import datetime

class TimestampAdder(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict):
        class_dict['timestamp'] = datetime.datetime.now()
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict)

class MyClass(metaclass=TimestampAdder):
    pass

print(MyClass.timestamp)


              12345678910111213141516171819
            
class UppercaseAttributes(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, class_dict):
        new_dict = {}
        for key, value in class_dict.items():
            if not key.startswith('__'):
                new_dict[key.upper()] = value
            else:
                new_dict[key] = value
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, new_dict)

class Demo(metaclass=UppercaseAttributes):
    my_attr = 42
    another = 'hello'

print(hasattr(Demo, 'my_attr'))      # False
print(hasattr(Demo, 'MY_ATTR'))      # True
print(Demo.MY_ATTR)                  # 42
print(Demo.ANOTHER)                  # hello

1. What is a common use case for modifying class attributes in a metaclass?

2. Fill in the blank: In a metaclass, the class attributes are available as the ____ argument.

Was alles duidelijk?

Bedankt voor je feedback!

Sectie 2. Hoofdstuk 3