Descriptive Statistics for Environmental Data
Descriptive statistics provide a foundation for understanding the main characteristics of environmental datasets. In environmental science, you often work with variables such as pollutant concentrations, temperature, or rainfall, which are measured repeatedly over time or across different locations. Key descriptive statistics include the mean (average value), median (middle value when sorted), mode (most frequently occurring value), and standard deviation (a measure of how spread out the values are). These statistics help you quickly summarize the central tendency and variability of data, which is essential for monitoring environmental quality, detecting unusual events, and informing policy decisions.
1234567891011121314151617181920import pandas as pd # Example pollutant concentration data (in micrograms per cubic meter) data = { "PM2.5": [12, 15, 14, 16, 18, 120, 13, 15, 14, 13], "NO2": [22, 21, 19, 24, 23, 22, 20, 100, 21, 22] } df = pd.DataFrame(data) # Calculate descriptive statistics mean_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].mean() median_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].median() mode_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].mode()[0] std_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].std() print("PM2.5 Mean:", mean_pm25) print("PM2.5 Median:", median_pm25) print("PM2.5 Mode:", mode_pm25) print("PM2.5 Standard Deviation:", std_pm25)
Looking at the calculated statistics for the PM2.5 pollutant, you can see how each value describes a different aspect of the data. The mean gives the average concentration, which is helpful for understanding the typical level of pollution. The median is less affected by extreme values, so it often represents the "typical" value more accurately when outliers are present. The mode can highlight the most common pollution level if certain readings occur more frequently. The standard deviation indicates how much the pollution levels vary from the mean; a high standard deviation suggests that there are large fluctuations or outliers in the dataset, which could signal occasional pollution spikes or measurement errors.
12345678# Identifying outliers in PM2.5 using standard deviation mean = df["PM2.5"].mean() std = df["PM2.5"].std() # Outliers are values more than 2 standard deviations from the mean outliers = df[(df["PM2.5"] > mean + 2*std) | (df["PM2.5"] < mean - 2*std)] print("Outliers in PM2.5:") print(outliers)
1. What does the standard deviation tell you about an environmental dataset?
2. Which pandas method provides a summary of descriptive statistics for a DataFrame?
3. Fill in the blank: To find the median of a column PM2.5 in df, use df['PM2.5'].____().
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Descriptive statistics provide a foundation for understanding the main characteristics of environmental datasets. In environmental science, you often work with variables such as pollutant concentrations, temperature, or rainfall, which are measured repeatedly over time or across different locations. Key descriptive statistics include the mean (average value), median (middle value when sorted), mode (most frequently occurring value), and standard deviation (a measure of how spread out the values are). These statistics help you quickly summarize the central tendency and variability of data, which is essential for monitoring environmental quality, detecting unusual events, and informing policy decisions.
1234567891011121314151617181920import pandas as pd # Example pollutant concentration data (in micrograms per cubic meter) data = { "PM2.5": [12, 15, 14, 16, 18, 120, 13, 15, 14, 13], "NO2": [22, 21, 19, 24, 23, 22, 20, 100, 21, 22] } df = pd.DataFrame(data) # Calculate descriptive statistics mean_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].mean() median_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].median() mode_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].mode()[0] std_pm25 = df["PM2.5"].std() print("PM2.5 Mean:", mean_pm25) print("PM2.5 Median:", median_pm25) print("PM2.5 Mode:", mode_pm25) print("PM2.5 Standard Deviation:", std_pm25)
Looking at the calculated statistics for the PM2.5 pollutant, you can see how each value describes a different aspect of the data. The mean gives the average concentration, which is helpful for understanding the typical level of pollution. The median is less affected by extreme values, so it often represents the "typical" value more accurately when outliers are present. The mode can highlight the most common pollution level if certain readings occur more frequently. The standard deviation indicates how much the pollution levels vary from the mean; a high standard deviation suggests that there are large fluctuations or outliers in the dataset, which could signal occasional pollution spikes or measurement errors.
12345678# Identifying outliers in PM2.5 using standard deviation mean = df["PM2.5"].mean() std = df["PM2.5"].std() # Outliers are values more than 2 standard deviations from the mean outliers = df[(df["PM2.5"] > mean + 2*std) | (df["PM2.5"] < mean - 2*std)] print("Outliers in PM2.5:") print(outliers)
1. What does the standard deviation tell you about an environmental dataset?
2. Which pandas method provides a summary of descriptive statistics for a DataFrame?
3. Fill in the blank: To find the median of a column PM2.5 in df, use df['PM2.5'].____().
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