Summary  
This chapter explains how to use the various assert methods in unittest.TestCase—such as assertEqual, assertTrue, assertIn, and assertRaises—to validate expected outcomes and errors in code.  

General domain of usage  
automated testing

The `assert` methods are part of the `unittest.TestCase` class and are used to check conditions in your tests. 
Simply put, each test method in the Test class concludes with a statement such as `self.assert`.

## Commonly Used assert Methods
| **Method** | **Check** | **Example** |
|--------------|-------|-------------|
| assertEqual(a, b) | a == b | assertEqual(sum([1, 2, 3]), 6) |
| assertNotEqual(a, b) | a != b | assertNotEqual(1, 2) |
| assertTrue(x) | bool(x) is True | assertTrue(isinstance(123, int)) |
| assertFalse(x) | bool(x) is False | assertFalse(isinstance("hello", int)) |
| assertIs(a, b) | a is b | a = 1, b = a |
| assertIsNone(x) | x is None | book.price = None |
| assertIn(a, b) | a in b | assertIn(2, [1, 2, 3]) |
| assertIsInstance(a, b) | isinstance(a, b) | assertIsInstance(123, int) |

Also, `assertRaises(Error, func, *args, **kwargs)` is used to test that an error is raised. For example:
``` python
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
    int("xyz")
```
This checks that converting "xyz" to integer raises `ValueError`.

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Using Assert Methods in Unittest: Validating Test Results

Commonly Used assert Methods

Awesome!

Using Assert Methods in Unittest: Validating Test Results

Commonly Used assert Methods

Method	Check	Example
assertEqual(a, b)	a == b	assertEqual(sum([1, 2, 3]), 6)
assertNotEqual(a, b)	a != b	assertNotEqual(1, 2)
assertTrue(x)	bool(x) is True	assertTrue(isinstance(123, int))
assertFalse(x)	bool(x) is False	assertFalse(isinstance("hello", int))
assertIs(a, b)	a is b	a = 1, b = a
assertIsNone(x)	x is None	book.price = None
assertIn(a, b)	a in b	assertIn(2, [1, 2, 3])
assertIsInstance(a, b)	isinstance(a, b)	assertIsInstance(123, int)