Summary  
This chapter covers multi-branch conditional logic by using the IFS construct to evaluate sequential tests and combining logical expressions with AND and OR to direct different outcomes.  

General domain of usage  
Expense categorization.

### The IFS Function
```
=IFS(logical_test1; value_if_true1; [logical_test2; value_if_true2]; ...)

=IFS(D9>100; "High"; D9>50; "Medium"; TRUE; "Low")
```
IFS has no built-in "else". If no condition matches, it returns an **error**. Always add TRUE, "default value" as the last pair to guarantee a result for every row.


**Order matters**. Excel checks conditions left to right and stops at the first TRUE. Put the most specific (narrowest) conditions first — a broad condition placed early will swallow everything below it. For example, putting `D9>0` before `D9>50` means "Medium" and "High" are never reached.

Note

### Combining Conditions with AND
All conditions must be true. 
**All conditions TRUE → TRUE | Any condition FALSE → FALSE.**
```
=IF(AND(D9>100; B9="Dining"); "Review"; "OK")
```

### Combining Conditions with OR
At least one condition must be true.
**Any condition TRUE → TRUE | All conditions FALSE → FALSE.**
```
=IF(OR(D9>100; B9="Dining"); "Review"; "OK")
```

1. **Create a multi-level Flag using IFS**

 Go to the **Flag** column. In the first row (e.g., F9), enter:
`=IFS(D9>100;"High";D9>50;"Medium";TRUE;"Low")`
Drag the formula down.

 Confirm that values above 100 return "High", values above 50 return "Medium", and all others return "Low".

2. **Test condition order (intentional mistake)**

 Modify the formula to:
`=IFS(D9>0;"Low";D9>50;"Medium";D9>100;"High")`

 Observe that most rows return "Low". Then fix the formula by restoring the correct order.

3. **Flag large Dining expenses (AND)**

 Create a new column called **Review (Strict)**.
Enter: `=IFS(AND(D9>100;B9="Dining");"Review";TRUE;"OK")`
Drag the formula down.

 Confirm that only rows where **Amount > 100** and **Category = Dining** return "Review".

4. **Flag broader conditions (OR)**

 Create another column called **Review (Flexible)**.
Enter: `=IFS(OR(D9>100;B9="Dining");"Review";TRUE;"OK")`
Drag the formula down.

 Compare with the previous column. More rows should now be flagged as "Review".

5. **Validate logic differences**

 Find at least one row where the results differ:

 - AND returns "OK".
 - OR returns "Review".

 This confirms the difference in logic.

Why does this formula fail logically?
=IFS(D9>0;"Low";D9>50;"Medium";D9>100;"High")

Lär dig Excel på ett roligt sätt — steg för steg går du från grundläggande datahantering till att skapa diagram och instrumentpaneler som verkligen är begripliga. Du lär dig att organisera ostrukturerad data, använda formler med säkerhet och omvandla siffror till tydliga insikter.


Ostrukturerade kalkylblad omvandlas till ren och strukturerad data. Tabeller, sortering, filtrering och smarta inmatningsregler bidrar till att hålla allt korrekt och lätt att arbeta med.

Rådata blir tydlig och lättläst. Formatering, justering och villkorsstyrda markeringar gör viktiga insikter omedelbart synliga.

Siffror börjar arbeta för dig. Formler, funktioner och logiska villkor hanterar beräkningar, automatiserar uppgifter och löser verkliga problem.

Data omvandlas till visuella element som berättar en historia. Diagram, minidiagram och designförbättringar gör informationen lätt att förstå vid en snabb överblick.

Stora datamängder omvandlas till enkla sammanfattningar. Pivottabeller, interaktiva kontroller och instrumentpaneler sammanför allt till tydliga, dynamiska insikter.

Combining Conditions

The IFS Function

Combining Conditions with AND

Combining Conditions with OR

Task