Вивчайте Concrete Methods in Abstract Classes

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An abstract class is not purely abstract. It can contain fully implemented concrete methods that all subclasses inherit without needing to override. This is what makes ABCs more powerful than simple interfaces – they can provide shared behavior alongside enforced contracts.

Shared Logic in the Base Class

Concrete methods in an ABC capture behavior that is common to all implementations, reducing code duplication:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# ABC with both abstract and concrete methods
class ReportExporter(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def serialize(self, data):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def get_extension(self):
        pass

    # Concrete method – same for all subclasses
    def export(self, data, filename):
        content = self.serialize(data)
        full_path = f"{filename}.{self.get_extension()}"
        print(f"Exporting {len(content)} bytes to {full_path}")
        return full_path

class CsvExporter(ReportExporter):
    def serialize(self, data):
        headers = ",".join(data[0].keys())
        rows = [",".join(str(value) for value in row.values()) for row in data]
        return "\n".join([headers] + rows)

    def get_extension(self):
        return "csv"

class JsonExporter(ReportExporter):
    def serialize(self, data):
        import json
        return json.dumps(data)

    def get_extension(self):
        return "json"

records = [{"id": "TX-001", "amount": 4500.0}, {"id": "TX-002", "amount": 1200.0}]

csv_exporter = CsvExporter()
csv_exporter.export(records, "transactions")  # Uses shared export() logic

json_exporter = JsonExporter()
json_exporter.export(records, "transactions")

Both exporters reuse export() without reimplementing it. The abstract methods define the variable parts; the concrete method defines the fixed orchestration.

The Template Method Pattern

This is a formal design pattern – an abstract class defines the skeleton of an algorithm in a concrete method, and delegates the variable steps to abstract methods in subclasses:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# Template method pattern – algorithm skeleton in the base class
class DataPipeline(ABC):
    # Template method – defines the fixed pipeline steps
    def run(self):
        raw_data = self.extract()
        clean_data = self.transform(raw_data)
        self.load(clean_data)
        print(f"Pipeline complete: {len(clean_data)} records processed")

    @abstractmethod
    def extract(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def transform(self, data):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def load(self, data):
        pass

class SalesPipeline(DataPipeline):
    def extract(self):
        return [
            {"region": "North", "revenue": 142500.0},
            {"region": "South", "revenue": -500.0},  # Invalid – negative
            {"region": "East", "revenue": 98000.0},
        ]

    def transform(self, data):
        return [record for record in data if record["revenue"] > 0]

    def load(self, data):
        print(f"Loading {len(data)} records to data warehouse")

pipeline = SalesPipeline()
pipeline.run()  # Calls extract → transform → load in the correct order

Overriding Concrete Methods

Subclasses can override concrete methods if they need different behavior – the ABC does not prevent it:


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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Notifier(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def send(self, message):
        pass

    # Concrete method with default behavior
    def notify_all(self, recipients, message):
        for recipient in recipients:
            self.send(f"To {recipient}: {message}")

class EmailNotifier(Notifier):
    def send(self, message):
        print(f"EMAIL: {message}")

class SmsNotifier(Notifier):
    def send(self, message):
        print(f"SMS: {message}")

    # Overriding the concrete method for SMS-specific behavior
    def notify_all(self, recipients, message):
        truncated = message[:160]  # SMS character limit
        super().notify_all(recipients, truncated)

recipients = ["alice@example.com", "bob@example.com"]

EmailNotifier().notify_all(recipients, "Q3 report is ready.")
SmsNotifier().notify_all(recipients, "Q3 report is ready.")

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