Вивчайте The Attribute Lookup Chain

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Before understanding descriptors, you need to understand how Python finds an attribute when you write obj.name. The answer is not as simple as "look it up in the object's dictionary." Python follows a specific chain of lookups – and descriptors are what make that chain powerful.

The Lookup Order

When you access obj.attr, Python follows this sequence:

the type's MRO (method resolution order) is searched first for a data descriptor on the class or its parents;
if no data descriptor is found, the instance's __dict__ is checked;
if not found there, the type's MRO is searched again for a non-data descriptor or plain class attribute;
if none of the above match, AttributeError is raised.


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# Observing the basic lookup chain
class Product:
    category = "electronics"  # Class attribute

    def __init__(self, name, price):
        self.name = name      # Instance attribute stored in __dict__
        self.price = price

laptop = Product("ThinkPad", 1200.0)

print(laptop.name)      # Found in instance __dict__
print(laptop.category)  # Not in __dict__ – found on the class
print(laptop.__dict__)  # {'name': 'ThinkPad', 'price': 1200.0}
print(Product.__dict__.keys())  # Contains 'category', '__init__', etc.

`dict` at the Instance and Class Level

Every regular instance has a __dict__ that stores its attributes. The class also has a __dict__ that stores methods and class-level attributes:


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# Comparing instance and class __dict__
class Invoice:
    tax_rate = 0.2  # Class attribute – stored in Invoice.__dict__

    def __init__(self, invoice_id, amount):
        self.invoice_id = invoice_id  # Instance attribute
        self.amount = amount

invoice = Invoice("INV-001", 5000.0)

print(invoice.__dict__)         # {'invoice_id': 'INV-001', 'amount': 5000.0}
print(Invoice.__dict__["tax_rate"])  # 0.2

# Instance attribute shadows class attribute with the same name
invoice.tax_rate = 0.15          # Creates a new entry in instance __dict__
print(invoice.tax_rate)          # 0.15 – instance __dict__ found first
print(Invoice.tax_rate)          # 0.2 – class attribute unchanged

How `type.getattribute` Drives the Lookup

The entire lookup process is implemented in type.__getattribute__. You rarely call it directly, but understanding that it exists explains why descriptors work – they are objects the __getattribute__ machinery knows how to invoke:


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# Explicit lookup through __getattribute__
class Config:
    debug = False

    def __init__(self, env):
        self.env = env

config = Config("production")

# These two lines do the same thing
print(config.env)
print(object.__getattribute__(config, "env"))

When Instance Attributes Shadow Class Attributes

Instance attributes always shadow class attributes of the same name – unless the class attribute is a data descriptor (covered in Chapter 3). This distinction is the key to understanding why descriptors exist:


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# Instance attribute shadowing a class attribute
class Report:
    status = "pending"

report = Report()
print(report.status)   # "pending" – from class

report.status = "approved"  # Written to instance __dict__
print(report.status)   # "approved" – instance shadows class

del report.status      # Removing the instance attribute
print(report.status)   # "pending" – class attribute visible again

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The Attribute Lookup Chain

The Lookup Order

__dict__ at the Instance and Class Level

How type.__getattribute__ Drives the Lookup

When Instance Attributes Shadow Class Attributes

`dict` at the Instance and Class Level

How `type.getattribute` Drives the Lookup