Real-time communication refers to the ability of web applications to send and receive data instantly, allowing users to see updates as soon as they happen. This approach is essential for creating interactive and engaging user experiences.

Common use cases for real-time communication include:

• Chat applications, where messages appear instantly between users;
• Notifications, which alert users about important events without needing to refresh the page;
• Live updates, such as collaborative editing or dashboards that reflect changes as they occur.

The significance of real-time communication in modern web apps lies in its ability to keep users informed and engaged. As users expect immediate feedback and seamless collaboration, real-time features have become a standard in many types of web applications. These capabilities help improve user satisfaction, enable new types of interactions, and often provide a competitive advantage for applications that implement them effectively.

Traditional web communication relies on the HTTP protocol, which is based on a request-response model. In this model, the client (such as a browser) sends a request to the server, and the server responds with the requested data. This approach works well for many scenarios; however, it is limited when it comes to instant updates:

• The client must repeatedly ask the server for updates, a technique called polling;
• Polling creates unnecessary network traffic and delays;
• The user experience becomes less responsive.

Real-time protocols such as WebSockets overcome these limitations:

• The connection between client and server stays open;
• Data flows instantly in both directions;
• Updates are pushed to users the moment they occur, without constant requests.

This bidirectional, always-on communication enables true real-time features and a more engaging user experience.