Summary  
This chapter covers techniques for locating and retrieving targeted pieces of information from larger data structures by using pattern matching, selectors, or parsing libraries.

General domain of usage  
Web scraping

import unittest
import pandas as pd
import io
import sys


def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_msg, failure_msg):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_msg
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_msg)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_msg
        test_case.fail(failure_msg)


def frames_equal_ignore_col_order(df1, df2):
    """ÐÐµÑÐµÐ²ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ DataFrame Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾ Ð²ÑÐ´ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ðº."""
    if set(df1.columns) != set(df2.columns):
        return False
    common_cols = sorted(df1.columns)
    df1_sorted = df1[common_cols].reset_index(drop=True)
    df2_sorted = df2[common_cols].reset_index(drop=True)
    return df1_sorted.equals(df2_sorted)


class TestCondition1(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_condition_1(self):
        """
        1. 'condition_1' selects rows where 'Price' is between 15000 (inclusive) and 20000 (exclusive).
        """
        import user_code
        df = pd.read_csv(
            "https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/cars.csv",
            index_col=0,
        )
        ref = df["Price"].between(15000, 20000, inclusive="left")

        condition = hasattr(user_code, "condition_1") and user_code.condition_1.equals(ref)
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable 'condition_1' is defined correctly for Price between 15000 (inclusive) and 20000 (exclusive).",
            "'condition_1' is incorrect. Check the .between() bounds or inclusive parameter."
        )


class TestCondition2(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_condition_2(self):
        """
        2. 'condition_2' selects rows where 'Year' is between 2015 (exclusive) and 2020 (exclusive).
        """
        import user_code
        df = pd.read_csv(
            "https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/cars.csv",
            index_col=0,
        )
        ref = df["Year"].between(2015, 2020, inclusive="neither")

        condition = hasattr(user_code, "condition_2") and user_code.condition_2.equals(ref)
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable 'condition_2' is defined correctly for Year between 2015 and 2020 (exclusive).",
            "'condition_2' is incorrect. Check the .between() bounds or inclusive parameter."
        )


class TestCondition3(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_condition_3(self):
        """
        3. 'condition_3' selects rows where 'Fuel_type' is in ['Plug-in Hybrid', 'Hybrid'].
        """
        import user_code
        df = pd.read_csv(
            "https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/cars.csv",
            index_col=0,
        )
        ref = df["Fuel_type"].isin(["Plug-in Hybrid", "Hybrid"])

        condition = hasattr(user_code, "condition_3") and user_code.condition_3.equals(ref)
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable 'condition_3' is defined correctly for Fuel_type in ['Plug-in Hybrid', 'Hybrid'].",
            "'condition_3' is incorrect. Check the .isin() list or variable name."
        )


class TestCombinedCondition(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_data_extracted(self):
        """
        4. Combine all three conditions using '&' operator and extract data with .loc[].
        """
        import user_code
        df = pd.read_csv(
            "https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/cars.csv",
            index_col=0,
        )
        ref = df.loc[
            df["Price"].between(15000, 20000, inclusive="left")
            & df["Year"].between(2015, 2020, inclusive="neither")
            & df["Fuel_type"].isin(["Plug-in Hybrid", "Hybrid"])
        ]

        condition = (
            hasattr(user_code, "data_extracted")
            and isinstance(user_code.data_extracted, pd.DataFrame)
            and frames_equal_ignore_col_order(user_code.data_extracted, ref)
        )
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The DataFrame 'data_extracted' correctly combines all three conditions with '&'.",
            "The combination of conditions or the .loc[] filtering is incorrect."
        )


class TestOutput(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_print_output(self):
        """
        5. Print the first few rows of 'data_extracted' using .head().
        """
        import user_code

        captured_output = io.StringIO()
        sys.stdout = captured_output
        print(user_code.data_extracted.head())
        sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

        output_text = captured_output.getvalue().strip()
        condition = len(output_text) > 0
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The output displays the first few rows of 'data_extracted' using .head().",
            "The 'data_extracted' DataFrame is not printed correctly. Use print(data_extracted.head())."
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

test_code.py

This course contains a lot of useful functions for a future data analyst. You will learn different ways of extracting data and even set conditions on it. After it, you will be familiar with the methods of grouping data. Also, you will learn how to preprocess data. Each section has its data set so that the course will be gripping.

This section will teach you how to output specific columns by their titles or indices. Also, you will get acquainted with the ways you can select rows  by indices.

Here, you will learn how to extract data that has specific conditions. Also, you will learn how to combine them and even create your own.

In this section, you will expand your knowledge on setting different data conditions. You will learn to check if your data is in a defined list of values or between two values. You will also learn how to find the largest and smallest values.

This section is one of the most fascinating of the course. Here, you will learn how to group data in different ways. It will help you work as a data analyst to find out information on specific data groups.

This section is one of the most significant for a data analyst because if the data contains missing data values in the incorrect format, it will be impossible to work with. Thus, you will learn how to deal with such inappropriate values here. 

Extracting Specific Data

Solution