Course Content

Linear Regression with Python

1. Simple Linear Regression

What is Linear Regression Finding the Parameters Building Linear Regression Using NumPy Building Linear Regression Using Statsmodels Predict House Prices

2. Multiple Linear Regression

Linear Regression with Two Features Linear Regression with n Features Building Multiple Linear Regression Choosing the Features Predict Prices Using Two Features

3. Polynomial Regression

Quadratic Regression Polynomial Regression Building Polynomial Regression Interpolation vs Extrapolation Evaluate the Model

4. Choosing The Best Model

Metrics Overfitting R-squared Predict Prices Using Polynomial Regression

Building Linear Regression Using Statsmodels

In the previous chapter, we used a function from NumPy to calculate the parameters.
Now we will use the class object instead of the function to represent the linear regression. This approach takes more lines of code to find the parameters, but it stores a lot of helpful information inside the object and makes the prediction more straightforward.

Building a Linear Regression model

In statsmodels, the OLS class can be used to create a linear regression model.

We first need to initialize an OLS class object using sm.OLS(y, X_tilde). Then train it using the fit() method.


python

Which is equivalent to:


python

Note

The constructor of the OLS class expects a specific array X_tilde as an input, which we saw in the Normal Equation. So you need to convert your X array to X_tilde. This is achievable using the sm.add_constant() function.

Finding parameters

When the model is trained, you can easily access the parameters using the params attribute.


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import statsmodels.api as sm   # import statsmodels
import pandas as pd

file_link = 'https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b22d1166-efda-45e8-979e-6c3ecfc566fc/simple_height_data.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(file_link)	# Open the file
X, y = df['Father'], df['Height']	# Assign the variables
# Get the correct form of input for OLS
X_tilde = sm.add_constant(X) 
# Initialize an OLS object
regression_model = sm.OLS(y, X_tilde)
# Train the object
regression_model = regression_model.fit()
# Get the paramters
beta_0, beta_1 = regression_model.params
print('beta_0 is: ', beta_0)
print('beta_1 is: ', beta_1)

Making the predictions

New instances can easily be predicted using predict() method, but you need to preprocess the input for them too:


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import statsmodels.api as sm
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

file_link = 'https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b22d1166-efda-45e8-979e-6c3ecfc566fc/simple_height_data.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(file_link)	# Open the file
X, y = df['Father'], df['Height']	# Assign the variables

X_tilde = sm.add_constant(X)  # Preprocess
regression_model = sm.OLS(y, X_tilde)	# Initialize an OLS object
regression_model = regression_model.fit()	# Train the object

# Predict new values
X_new = np.array([65,70,75])	# Feature values of new instances
X_new_tilde = sm.add_constant(X_new)	# Preprocess X_new
y_pred = regression_model.predict(X_new_tilde)	# Predict the target
print(y_pred)

Getting the summary

As you probably noticed, using the OLS class is not as easy as the polyfit() function. But using OLS has its benefits. While training, it calculates a lot of statistical information. You can access the information using the summary() method.


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import statsmodels.api as sm
import pandas as pd

file_link = 'https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/b22d1166-efda-45e8-979e-6c3ecfc566fc/simple_height_data.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(file_link)	# Read the file
X, y = df['Father'], df['Height']

X_tilde = sm.add_constant(X) # Preprocess X
regression_model = sm.OLS(y, X_tilde)	# Initialize an OLS object
regression_model = regression_model.fit()	# Train the object
# Print the summary
print(regression_model.summary())

That's a lot of statistics. We will discuss the table's most important parts in later sections.

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Section 1. Chapter 4

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