The assert statement is used to verify that a condition is True. If the condition is False, the test fails. Pytest enhances the basic assert by providing detailed output when the assertion fails, making it easier to understand what went wrong.

Simple Assertions:

Check that the condition is evaluated as True. If it is evaluated as False, Pytest raises an AssertionError and marks the test as failed.

assert condition

In the next example, word.isupper() should return True if word is in uppercase. If not, the test fails.

def test_is_uppercase():
    word = "HELLO"
    assert word.isupper()

Comparative Assertions:

assert actual == expected

To verify that the result of an operation (actual) matches the expected value.

def test_addition():
    assert add(5, 3) == 8, "The addition function should return 8 for 5 + 3"

Here, the add function is tested to ensure it correctly adds two numbers. The message after the comma provides additional context if the test fails.

Assertions with Detailed Feedback:

assert condition, message

To provide a custom error message that displays when the assertion fails, offering more insight into the issue.

def test_multiply():
    result = multiply(2, 5)
    assert result == 10, f"Expected 10, got {result}"

This assertion checks whether the multiply function returns 10 when multiplying 2 and 5. The custom message clarifies the expected outcome versus the actual result if the test fails.

Assertions for Exceptions:

pytest.raises(ExceptionType)

To confirm that a certain exception is raised by a block of code.

import pytest

def divide(x, y):
    return x / y

def test_divide_zero():
    with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
        divide(10, 0)

This test ensures that dividing by zero raises a ZeroDivisionError. It’s essential for testing error handling in your code.

Advanced Assertions:

Use assertions to check more complex conditions, such as contents of lists, dictionaries, or more nuanced states in your application.

def test_inventory():
    inventory = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
    assert "banana" in inventory, "Banana should be in the inventory"

This test checks for the presence of an item in a list, providing clear feedback if the item is missing.