The best way to bypass the private access modifier

All Java programmers use constructs called getters and setters.

Getters and setters are methods that follow a specific pattern. They are used to bypass the private access modifier and effectively manipulate fields from another class.

What do getters and setters do?

Simply put, the setter allows us to assign a value to a specific field protected by the private access modifier, while the getter allows us to retrieve the value from a field protected by the private access modifier.

The syntax for a getter and a setter:

As you can see in the code above, we use the naming convention for the methods getFieldName() and setFieldName(). Therefore, if we have a field private String name and we create a getter and a setter with the names getName() and setName(), respectively. It's also worth noting that the getter returns a value of the same type as the name field, while the setter takes a parameter of the same type as the name field.

This allows us to access fields that are protected by the private access modifier. Let's take a look at an example of accessing a private field from the Person class in the main class:

As you can see, we use the setter to set a value for the name field, and then we use the getter to display the value of the name field on the screen. Pay attention to the syntax of the getter and setter, as well as the fact that the name field in the Person class is protected by the private access modifier.

Constructor vs Getter/Setter

Which is better to use, initialization through a constructor + overriding the toString() method, or using getters and setters?

It is definitely better to use getters and setters to access fields protected by the private access modifier. This provides greater flexibility in the code and improves its readability. When you see the use of the getName() method in the code, you immediately understand that this method retrieves the field named name. The same applies when you see the use of the setName() method, you immediately understand that you are assigning a specific value to the field for the object of the class in which it is used. If other people read your code, they will be happy to see getters and setters.

It is also worth noting that each field requires its own getter and setter. If a class has two fields protected by the private access modifier, the class should have one getter for each field, meaning two getters and two setters. Let's take a look at an example where we add an age field to the Person class:

As you can see, we have created one getter and one setter for each field of the Person class. In the main method, we initialized the fields using the setter and displayed their values on the screen using the getter. Using these methods is very convenient, and you will use them frequently in the future.