As you've probably noticed, dictionaries have unique characteristics that set them apart from lists and tuples. They also come with their own set of methods. Let's dive in.

• len(d) - returns the number of key:value pairs in the dictionary d;
• d.copy() - creates a copy of the dictionary d;
• d.items() - provides all the key, value pairs from the dictionary d;
• d.keys() - lists all the keys in the dictionary d;
• d.values() - provides all the values from the dictionary d.

Wondering how to add new entries to a dictionary? Dictionaries don't utilize list methods like .append() or .extend(), and they don't support concatenation like strings. Instead, since dictionaries organize data in key-value pairs, you simply assign values using keys:

d[k] = e - assigns the value e to the key k. If the key k already exists in the dictionary, its associated value will be updated.

For example, let's add a couple of countries to our dictionary: